4 Myths that prevent Innovation in the Mining Industry

Recently I've noticed a lot of people in the news talking about the importance of innovation and commercialisation as potential drivers of enhanced productivity in Australian industry.   With a number of recent studies talking about how Australian industry productivity levels have fallen behind our peers, many argue that this has to do with a lack of investment in innovation.   In a powerful talk, Mark Cutifani (CEO AngloGold Ashanti and now CEO Designate of Anglo American) discusses, among other things, the importance of mining to the world economy and its innovation challenge.  Click Here to watch Mark speak.

A lot of industries around the world are investing in innovation that is being driven by advances in information and communications technologies.   These advances include: New wireless communications technologies, smaller and more powerful mobile computing platforms, access to big data and big computers over the internet (think Cloud computing) and whole new ways for people to collaborate (think Twitter and Facebook).  The combination of all these technology trends forms the eye of a perfect storm that will allow many companies and industries to re-invent the way they operate.   

In a mining context these trends present opportunities to work and be effective in remote areas, or across geographically dispersed footprints, or in difficult operating conditions.   New approaches that these ideas will allow are machine and process automation, operational control and monitoring from a distance, mobile equipment automation, and comprehensive sensor networks that allow unprecedented vision of an operation.   So why aren't mining companies investing hell-for-leather in these new ideas, to try to find competitive advantage in their marketplaces?    

Over the last 15 years working around mining companies trying to bring new technological approaches to the table, I have been rebuffed more times than I can count.   This is not to say that all mining companies are luddites.  Some companies are rising to the innovation challenge with major step change initiatives.  However, they are the exception, not the rule.   Here are some of the myths that are used by miners to avoid innovation.

Myth Number 1.   We are different to other industries.   Many of the ideas that I talk about to miners are ideas that have already been proven to work in other industries.   But the first response I often get is that mining is different to other activities.   It is true that there is inherent operational complexity in mining and processing an ore body that is not homogenous and invariably different to every other ore body in some significant way.  This means that miners need lots of flexibility.   Fair enough, but once the ore is out of the ground and loaded into the transport medium, the process becomes as predictable as any industrial chemical or manufacturing plant, all of which are leaps and bounds ahead of mining in terms of automating their operations.    And even parts of the upstream mining process have outside analogies.  For instance, there is a direct analogy between operating and automating a truck and shovel fleet in an open cut mine to operating and automating a tank warfare operation.   Lots of large machines hooning around the countryside with a need to know where all of the others are, avoid crashing into each other, and deliver an efficient outcome for the operation.   Yes mining is different, but it’s not that different, and parts of it are very similar to other industries.

Myth Number 2.   Ours is a simple business.   I often hear the refrain that mining is a simple business - that “we just dig stuff up and send it to our customers”.  Interestingly, I often hear this argument from the same people as argue for complexity being a big issue.   The level of complexity that we observe depends on the scale at which we look.   At the highest level mining is a fairly simple matter, but this masks levels of great complexity within the industry.   It is true that no two ore bodies are the same; geographical issues introduce variability and even the nature of the metallurgy will dictate the complexity of the extraction and concentration processes.   Miners do much more than dig stuff up and sell it.   All of which leads me to conclude that smart new information technologies must surely be able to lighten the load.   For instance, with all of the computing power available today, and with clever new analytical programs, the simulation of multiple potential outcomes becomes relatively straight forward.   If complexity of the ore body means we can't make decisions in advance, then simulation holds the key to building multiple mine plans from which we can choose as we go along and improve our knowledge of an ore body.   As the ore body knowledge is improved, previous simulations would help operators quickly home in on the right course of action.

Myth Number 3.   Innovation is risky.   Yes innovation is risky.   But it is not as risky or expensive as flawed investment decision processes involving billions of dollars.   It is not as risky or expensive as exploring for minerals, and it is not as risky or expensive as not innovating at all.   Innovation through R&D is a process.   It should be undertaken strategically, and it should be managed like all other business processes with one small exception.   Early in the innovation process, ideas need to be given seed funding to help them deliver a business case and they need to be protected from those whose interests are vested in the status quo.   That seed funding needs to ensure that the biggest risks, the biggest assumptions in an innovation idea, are tested early, and failed early.    After developing a sensible business case and identifying a path to commercialisation, the idea must be managed as rigorously as any other project.

Myth Number 4.   We can't afford Innovation.   I am often amazed that highly profitable mining companies feel they can't invest in their future.   Of course they do - mineral exploration is the most visible example that they do.   And most mining companies over a certain size will have some significant investment in R&D, either in-house or as investments via university research.   But almost without fail, mining companies invest in incremental innovation that is focussed on the existing portfolio of problems.   Very few take bold steps.   What I find interesting is that mining companies, especially big ones, are more than happy to make flawed (in hindsight) investment decisions that can destroy billions of dollars of shareholder value, but baulk at spending a few million dollars on doing some fundamental research into step change innovation.  

Not all miners are adverse to innovation.   I was recently involved, with many others, in an innovation activity at AngloGold Ashanti (www.aga-tic.com).   Faced with the problem that their South African gold mines were becoming too deep to mine profitably, and the knowledge that there remained enormous reserves of gold below 4000m, AGA initiated an open innovation forum with all of their major suppliers to attempt to re-invent underground mining at depth.   The outcomes are impressive, and are now being tested on a block of ground to see if the new technologies are up to the task.   It's a great example for the industry.   

The Network Centric Mine

We will be publishing a series of posts on the topic of The Network Centric Mine, which is a concept that is sweeping the mining industry under a number of different names,  similar to what happened in the Oil & Gas industry over 10 years ago under names such as Oilfield of the Future, Digital Oilfield, iFields, eFields, Smart Fields, etc.  We published a paper on this topic and presented it at the International Mine Management 2012 conference.

The Abstract reads:

To respond to ever-increasing challenges, mining companies have been experimenting with new business models and technologies in order to speed mine development, production, processing and transport.  The various experiments involve mobile access to data, intelligent sensors, advanced analytics, virtual collaboration, virtual reality, automated equipment, remote operations centres and strategic partnerships.   A synthesis of all these components creates a ‘network effect’ that can dramatically improve the overall effectiveness the entire operation.

The concept of the Network Centric Mine borrows from a variety of industries, including defence, aerospace, aviation, petroleum, utilities and manufacturing.  Central to the concept are improvements to the way we connect people, process, information and technology, resulting in a more highly collaborative business model, with roles and processes designed to take advantage of new technology.  The components of the mining operation act as a connected network aimed at a common goal, regardless of the boundaries of organisation and location.

The design of this new organisational ecosystem needs to take into account the recent advances that enable the ‘plug and play’ integrated collaborative environment, including cloud computing, mobile devices and social networking, as well as advances in augmented reality, robotics, geo-location, digital labelling, simulation and analytics.  However, the most consistent lesson from other industries is the need to properly enable the behaviour and process changes necessary for success.

Benefits from adopting a network centric approach include the more effective use of scarce expertise, improved data and information analysis, reduced process variance, and more informed and faster decision-making.

The future of mining will see more technology savvy workers who will drive adoption of new processes.  The operations will shift from a relatively static and disparate set of functions, to a digitally aware, dynamic, automated, integrated and interactive environment, with increased agility, lower operating costs, higher productivity and improved safety.

Mining in 2020 and 2050 Part 2

In part 1 I looked at how mines could be operating in 2020, but now lets look at what could be happening in 2050

Mining in 2050

Operating mines in 2050 may not be in their planning stages until 2045, allowing us the benefit of 35 years of technology development. Futurists will tell you that predicting 35 years of technology development is very difficult – but we’ll do it anyway because it is also fun.

A mine in 2050 will look very different to that of 2020. For a start, there will be very few people because almost all of the machinery will be automated. The entire area of the open cut will be highly secure, to prevent people entering areas where large machines are operating at very high speeds. The site will look more like an airport than a mine, with service areas located at the edge of the secure site. The only staff present on site will be those securing the site, and a few maintenance engineers. Without people, the support infrastructure required is also small.

Fleet Automation


Within the mine we see large numbers of small vehicles operating at speed, and without human drivers. Technology originally designed by NASA to guide the Mars Rover, and newer planetary probes on the moons of Jupiter are now being used by these vehicles. The vehicles are multi-purpose and directly access the mine plan (updated daily by planning software and mine engineers working in the capital city) and using collaborative machine to machine protocols to determine the most efficient way to deliver against the day's mining targets.   The vehicles self-configure as micro-haulers, drill and blast vehicles, or road maintenance vehicles in the morning, and can change configuration throughout the day as the mine operating plan changes dynamically in response to the day’s events.

Hydrogen Fuel


All of the vehicles are electric, powered by onboard hydrogen fuel cells. A large part of the mine operation is the generation of hydrogen for fuel cells.  This is achieved using a combination of renewable sources: solar power, wind power and hot rock geothermal power which is  used to produce hydrogen from water. Hydrogen is stockpiled so that it is available for use at all hours of the day and night. The entire mine operates with zero emissions, and all water is recycled. In this mine, ground water is desalinated using waste heat from the hydrogen plant so that water lost to the environment through evaporation and water vapour from the hydrogen cells, is replaced. (A further consequence of this is that groundwater salinity problems of the last century are being clawed back, and the landscape is regenerating).

Nanotechnology


Finally, this mine uses nanotechnology to extract the copper from the ore. The large chemical leach heaps have been replaced by hybrid bio-mechanical nano-extraction techniques where bacteria sized cyber-organisms are bred in large ponds, migrate into the heaps, directly harvest the copper metal from the ore using  biochemical reactions. They incorporate the copper into their bodies and then move to an extraction pond where they die and decompose, leaving elemental copper that can be easily recovered from the pond.

All of these technologies are being researched or developed now.   If anything, this vision of 2050 could prove to be outrageously conservative. If, for instance, nanotechnology, materials science and renewable energy technologies develop along the same kind of timeline as we are used to seeing now, then it is arguable whether the economy will need mining at all.

Mining in 2020 and 2050 Part 1

The populations of the world are beginning to demand that all businesses operate more sustainably. Everybody, but particularly policy makers, can see that we need to do things differently if we expect to have a long term future on the planet. Here I present two views of the mining in the future, seen in terms of their ability to operate with a minimal carbon footprint.

Why 2020 and 2050? In 2020, many of the current operations will still be going, so the 2020 story is one of how we change the current mines to use less carbon. By 2050, we will have used technology advances to build the carbon neutral operation we dream about today.

The carbon footprint of mines today is the result of the fuels we use, how we operate the business and how we mine and deliver raw products. How we reinvent these components will determine what our mines look like in the future.

Mining in 2020.

Today we will visit an open cut copper mine that has been operating since the late 1990’s. New technology developments mean that this mine still has many years of life left, so there is opportunity to make longer term investments in the operation that leave plenty of runway to recoup the investment.

When it was built, this mine was designed with large vehicle transport as the main basis for the layout. It used traditional building methods, heavily reliant on concrete slabs for buildings and metal and concrete workshops and warehouses. An extensive system of haul roads and access roads serves most of the mine areas. This means that the mine’s operation was heavily dependent on haul trucks, water trucks and light utility vehicles,  as well as all manner of mobile mining and drilling equipment, shovels, graders etc. But times have changed…

As we drive into the mine, we need to stop at the security entrance and log ourselves in.   Before we came we enrolled in the biometric access system, and completed the visitors safety induction on-line.   To one side of the gate there is an oil bunker, full of locally produced biodiesel that is used to power the entire fleet of mobile equipment, and much of the fixed plant as well, specifically the generators; turbines fueled by bio-diesel.

We travel over to the workers’ campus accommodating 250 staff.   Each ‘unit’ has its own composting toilet and solar/electric hot water. Temperatures are controlled by their orientation to the sun, deep eaves, and ‘green’ concrete slabs which incorporate fly ash; providing a heat sink to help warm the unit in the winter. All of the water used by the showers and toilets is recycled (and treated) for use in the mining operation.

Our tour includes a visit to the mine operations room. The operations room has two walls lined with video monitors. These low power monitors look just like paper that can be folded up and moved around. This technology was pioneered in 2004 with the development of the e-Ink (www.eink.com) products. Some are displaying real time videos of key operational areas – one shows the ore conveyor, another shows the shovel loading the haul trucks. Different scenes are cycling through and if any operation begins to operate outside of parameters, an alarm sounds and the operations system immediately allocates some monitor space to viewing that process. One whole wall depicts a similar room in the capital – some 500 kms away where mine planners, maintenance planners, and managers are helping the on-site workers to deal with issues, contribute to planning and provide advice on optimizing the operation. That group is helping a number of different mines at the same time.

Out on the site, haul trucks are moving ore to the crushers and from there it goes to the leach heaps. Like today, sulfuric acid is added to the heaps, but a series of sensors spread throughout the heap controls the flow of acid to maximize the process efficiency.

All of the technologies that power these ideas are available and in use today – some in mining operations, some in other industries. They need to be because if the mining industry wants to implement these innovations by 2020, they need to be investing in the next few years.   Things start to get really interesting when we visit the mine in 2050.


In my next post we'll have a look at how that works.

Is Mining about to go Micro - Post 6 (and final)

Over the last 5 posts I've investigated some whacky ideas, but the world of robotics and automation are developing apace.   Here are a few links you might find interesting

Swarm Intelligence

These robots swarm, evolve, seek food, avoid poison, co-operate, and steal food from other robots.

www.tranism.com/.../2007/02/robot-swarms-ev.html

Cool Robots

A New Scientist video recently turned up on Jack Uldrich's 'Jump the Curve' blog. Have a look at it to see some of the future of robots. New Scientist also has a blog specifically about robotics.

http://www.jumpthecurve.net/index.php/recent_posts/our_robotic_future/#When:15:43:00Z

Robot Dragonfly article

Robotics, artitificial intelliegence, automation, and remote management are all technologies in which the rates of innovation now are enormous. New Scientist reports on a robotic dragonfly that could guide Mars rovers - giving the fly's eye view in a task analagous to helicopters being used as force projection assets of naval warships.


In the near future, further miniturisation of the electronics, and better smarts will mean that this kind of technology can be used to continually update the topography of an open cut mine, with swarms of such robots preceeding ultra large automated vehicles, helping automated shovels load automated trucks. Perhaps they will even be able to replace the truck fleet, with millions of tiny robot flies moving enormous tonnages of ore without the need for roads, ramps etc. Just the saving in the profile of the open cut pit would change the economics of mining.


Underground mines could benefit too, with robot miners like the fly moving in to survey the mine after blasting - testing the air, rockface stability, everything. There is also my previous post of the robot crawlers which could also operate underground in very confined spaces.

There is a lot to consider, and the extraterrestrial problems being solved by robots can also be applied here, today.

Autonomous Artifical Hummingbird

A prototype robot spy "ornithopter," the Nano-Hummingbird, has successfully completed flight trials in California. Developed by the company AeroVironment Inc., the miniature spybot looks like a hummingbird complete with flapping wings, and is only slightly larger and heavier than most hummingbirds, but smaller than the largest species.

http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-02-robot-hummingbird-flight-video.html

Is Mining about to go Micro - Post 5

What is the advantage

So what is the advantage of this idea? How could a 'many small' system of movers compare to a 'few large' system that currently exists.

Factor	Few/Large	Many/Small
Example	Haul Trucks	Flying microbots
Capital expenditure	$5 million each	Maybe $5.00 each (in the long run) but you'd need a lot of them.
Ongoing Maintenance	Complex, expensive	Disposable individuals but may still be significant.
Operators	Many people needed to support operations of haul trucks - drivers, water carts, graders etc etc.	Very few - supervisors located remotely.
Fuel	Significant cost	Very little - solar powered.
Infrastructure	Roads, ramps etc - significant, in fact determines long term viability of the mine	Little - no roads etc.
It System support	Significant number of systems to help manage all aspects.	Significant (but not so much as current state)

The economic viability of this idea has not yet been modelled, but as with all technologies, the costs reduce over time, and with take-up. A single mine using flying microbots would probably be enough to reach those long run efficiencies in terms of manufacture of the robots, and continuing advances in solar power technology mean that the path to sufficient power resources for this idea is quite predictable.

For me the biggest single effect lies in the ability to change the dynamics of pit morphology. By not having to step the pit back to get to deeper parts of the orebody, the options for continuing mine operations to depth are very different.

Conclusions

There is no doubt that flying dragonfly robots will not replace haul trucks in the next 5 years or maybe ever. Even though most of the technologies are in place, or being researched now, there is still a while before they'll be bought together to this one task. But there is one thing that technology futurists well understand. The pace of technological innovation is relentless, is accelerating, and most people underestimate what can be done, and when.

A solar powered dragonfly  see more here

Is Mining about to go Micro - Post 4

Now in Part 4 lets get into a really crazy idea


Small robots

Predicting the future uptake of technologies is a difficult thing to do. Not many people would have predicted the internet or its impact, even as recently as 15 years ago. Lots of people wrote of trains, planes, automobiles, even telephones as things that wouldn't be much use. Even so, let’s suspend our disbelief for a while and see where this might go.

Imagine small earthmovers - not Ford's - but small 'microbots'. As an example, consider  the dragonfly robot. This small robot can see, fly, and power itself by the sun. What would you be able to do if you could have 1 million of these machines each moving a small amount of crushed ore?   While this is perhaps far fetched, it is worth considering as a possibility just as an exercise in reviewing the economics of the small.

If you could engineer it so that the bot know where to pick up a load and where to drop it off, travel in as straight a line as possible to get it there, and rest in the sun to recharge itself when it needed to, little else is needed.

As the prototype of the bot already exists, and the swarm intelligence distributed algorithms already control robots in the laboratory, and the sensor and control systems already exist to control such a system, there is little else for which to wait.

The way this works might look something like this: Two radio beacons are placed, one on the pile of crushed ore at the bottom of the pit (you need the crusher to be at the bottom of the pit) the second at the drop off point. Once activated, any dragonfly bot that has a sufficient charge, and is not carrying a load will fly to the beacon. Once in the vicinity of the beacon, a local control system vectors the bot to the top of the pile where ore of the needed characteristics is known to be located. The bot grabs its load of say 50-100g of crushed ore, and on automatic, it flys to the beacon at the drop-off point. On the way, using a standard swarm model, the bot negotiates the rest of the swarm and its environment until, in the vicinity of the drop-off beacon it is vectored to the release point.

And it doesn't have to be a flying dragonfly robot, there are small crawling robots, snake like robots, and many other variations, any of which may be able to fundamentally change the mining process.

LATE NEWS

Have a look at the new AlphaDog video.   This robot will carry hundreds of kilos over any terrain.   You can also look at earlier prototypes - BigDog on Youtube as well.


http://youtu.be/SSbZrQp-HOk

Is Mining about to go Micro - Post 3

In Part 3 we look at some of the technologies that will underpin automation.


If you could have smaller vehicles operating independently and automatically you might be able to make an economic case for this scenario. Of course you'd need to implement all of the technologies you need to operate a large number of autonomous vehicles. I'll cover a few such technologies here and provide some idea of where that technology is today and where it might be heading.

Advanced Analytics

The use of analytical algorithms that assist with making many low level decisions is quite advanced in many industries. Because the mining industry is not as technologically mature as others, there is plenty of opportunity to learn from how, say, the aerospace industry uses these advanced analytical techniques to remove the need for human intervention in many processes. Aircraft can now land themselves on autopilot, a specific and highly complex event that needs microsecond by microsecond adjustment of aircraft and engine power in three dimensions, and responding to highly dynamic changes in the surrounding environment in real time. All of this can happen with a plane load of hundreds of people. As a specific task, they don't come much more complicated, and this level of knowledge is in use today in commercial airliners. Many of the technologies and techniques are available for use in the mining industry today.

Smart sensors

Many of the individual, microsecond decisions can actually be undertaken away from the smart core algorithm by smart sensors operating at the periphery of a complex computer algorithm. For very well understood and constrained processes a smart sensor might ‘decide’ to provide data to a central algorithm only when the process deviates from a pre-established norm. For example, a smart thermometer might only report fluctuations in engine temperature outside of a particular range, or if the temperature changes much faster than expected. This takes pressure off the central processing ability of the system.

Machine Intelligence

Both advanced analytical capabilities and smart sensors lead the way to 'machine intelligence'; the ability of a machine to have some level of understanding of the environment around it and of its role within that environment. At the moment, small mobile machines are being designed with levels of intelligence approximating insects. Indeed, some of these machines are incorporating insect neurons within the machine's IT architecture. These machines learn!

At the moment, these machines are even programmed to behave like insects - seeking areas of warmth, running away from the light etc, which might not immediately seem of use to the mining industry, but that is not the limit of what they might be ultimately be capable of.

Automation

With all of these things being either in existence now, or being actively researched, machine autonomy may not be very far away at all. Indeed Komasu and Caterpillar have already produced haul trucks that can be operated remotely, and are working on being able to operate autonomously. Work at the CRCMining (www.crcmining.com.au ) has some machinery automated for some of their functions. To help cope with the communications lag times the Mars Rovers have limited levels of autonomy to allow them to move around on the service of Mars with minimal intervention by people.

Robotics

Another technology that is critical to automating machinery is robotics. Robotics incorporates all of the other technologies discussed here, but also concerns the form and function of the machines. Robotic science is very highly advanced and very sophisticated. Some of the recent advances look to nature to inspire the development of robots, and it is here that I believe the mining industry can look for the future of the mining process.

Snake Robots for mine rescue

Snake Bots You may not love snakes, but you'd be happy to see one of these snake robots if you were trapped in a collapsed building. Check out the snakebots in this episode of Innovation Nation with Miles O'Brien.

Credit: National Science Foundation

And this would equally apply to an underground mining emergency, or even a new wa of mining very thin seams of ore!
http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=70984
Also note my earlier post on mine rescue potential of robots.
http://indagopartners.blogspot.com/2011/09/robots-could-save-lives-in-mine.html

Is Mining about to go Micro - Post 2

In Part 2 of this series I think a bit about why things are as they are and what a micro-future might look like.


Why we are hooked on big trucks

For the moment, we use large equipment because the economies of scale have tended to support their development. The industry has been in this evolutionary paradigm for many years because bigger trucks means fewer drivers, less trucks needed per kilometre/tonne of ore moved, and the development of more efficient large engines means the fuel component is less cost per km/t. I'm sure there are also many other efficiencies that work well for large trucks over small ones. So why has the 'going small' option not been considered to date?

In most cases, new ways of doing business are strongly resisted on a few fronts. Firstly, people are pretty conservative and won't take the time to consider alternatives to the way things have “always been done”. Secondly, there is a cost associated with change that might mean that large amounts of invested capital will need to be abandoned, and despite the best efforts of economists worldwide to convince people that invested capital should not be considered for future investment decisions, it usually is. In this instance, there is a lot of existing infrastructure associated with supporting big haul trucks, and few will want to write it off. Perhaps the biggest issue is the risk involved in taking on a new idea - what if it doesn't work - can I bet the company on this?

But enough of this, because all of these issues will be as nothing if the ideas I introduce here are economically viable.

Small is the new Black.

Let us imagine for a moment, replacing your $6 Million Caterpillar truck with 400 Ford F150 pickup trucks - that's how many you'd need to match the carrying capacity. At $20k each, that would cost you $8 Million, but you'd be able to make up the Km/t figure by doing more trips because the F150 is much faster. The biggest issue though is that you'd need a lot more drivers (1200 as against 3 or 4 per truck) so the economics don't work. Unless, that is,you can remove the need for drivers completely.

Is Mining about to go Micro - Post 1

Introduction

For many years, the business of mining has been a story of more mechanisation, bigger and bigger mines, and bigger and bigger equipment. Advances in the technology of moving large amounts of material in open cut mines has driven the development of bigger and bigger trucks. But will it be like that forever?

I don't think so, because I believe a whole new set of technology developments will mean that the transport of mass materials will be done by smaller and smaller machines, each operating autonomously, making their own decisions, and at a much lower total cost than a fleet of large haul trucks.

Issue

So why are bigger and bigger haul trucks about to see the end of their run? Haul trucks are really expensive to buy and to maintain. At about $5 million for a Caterpillar 797, and a significant ongoing cost for maintenance and operating inputs, there may be a case for doing things differently. Add in the costs of all of the people and other systems that are needed to enable the management of truck fleets, such as roadways and critical parts, and the cost keeps piling up. What if there was a better way of doing things?

Mining and the Future of Space Exploration

Harrison Schmitt (Interlune-Intermars Initiative Inc.), Colin Farrelly (CSC), Dennis Franklin (CSC)


ABSTRACT

The future of human exploration in space is intimately bound to the future of mining and energy production on Earth. By 2025, one or more manned bases will probably exist on the Moon, exploring the lunar landscape and geology, and acting as a learning platform, and possibly a resource platform, for expeditions to Mars and beyond. Unless the mining and space industries take an active and co-operative interest in the technologies required to exploit minerals and fuels in and from hostile environments, the necessary advances to support permanent extra-terrestrial exploration will not be ready in time.

With the notable exception of using lunar Helium-3 as a fusion power fuel, no other reason has been identified for the mining industry to take any direct interest in the exploitation of extraterrestrial resources for the benefit of its customers on Earth. Ample reasons exist, however, for the industry to take a direct interest in supporting technological development of the extraterrestrial resources necessary to support the economical exploration of space.

The mining industry has critical experience in the development and application of technologies for the discovery, extraction and processing of natural resources; experience that the space industry will need to create a viable permanent presence in space. The industry also understands the end to end process of resource development and utilization. On the other hand, the space industry can directly benefit the mining sector by helping mature and advance the extractive and processing technologies needed to economically and sustainably develop resources in hostile terrestrial environments, such as those available in low concentrations, at extreme depth and/or inconvenient geographic locations.

We propose that strategic partnerships be created between the mining, space and allied industries, and research organizations. Such partnerships would develop a joint capability for mutual benefit, targeting the most significant advances in the least time. The space industry will learn how to exploit essential resources off-planet, and the mining industry will gain access to technologies to help extend their activities on earth.
More about the Authors http://assets1.csc.com/au/downloads/Mining_the_Future_of_Space_Exploration.pdf
Get the full paper http://www.ausimm.com.au/publications/epublication.aspx?ID=4735 

4000 metres deep and counting.

A couple of weeks ago, my colleague Colin Farrelly and I travelled to Johannesburg in South Africa to participate in a "Technology Innovation Consortium" with AngloGold Ashanti - http://www.aga-tic.com/agatic/.

The idea of this group of invited participants is to redesign the mining process, from the ground down (if you like). We have a marvellous time brainstorming solutions to really hairy problems The fundamental issue facing AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) is that at depths of greater than 4000 metres the working environment and the logistics and energy requirements to operate become very difficult indeed. Col and I went to the bottom of the mine, 4000 metres below the surface and I have to say the trip was an eye-opener. I've been to a few underground mines before, and they pretty much look the same once you are below the surface, but this one is a doosy. Just the thought of all that rock above you makes you take a pause for reflection.

For a start the temperature of the rock down there is 65C (160F), and at 5000 meters, where the company hopes to be able to mine in the future, the rock temperature is 85C (200F). In the presence of up to 100% humidity, people cannot work at these temperatures. Enormous amounts of energy are spent on making the environment livable for the workers, and at greater depths, even more energy will be needed if current methods are continued.

In addition, the logistic challenges at these depths are enormous. Large amounts of water are pumped from the top to the bottom of the mine, and even more is pumped out (groundwater leaks in). Thousands of tonnes of ore are lifted out of the mine every day. On my visit it took me nearly 2 hours to get to the working face, and the same to return. Its like that for every miner as well so of their 9 hour shift, 4 hours is spend travelling underground.

AGA have decided that they will not be able to mine at greater depth safely (only a week after we were there there was a fatality in the mine) nor will they be able to use current methods economically. This consortium is a real expression of their desire to change with new ways of mining, automation, innovative use of energy etc. Its pretty exciting and all of this innovation will fundamentally depend on robust, reliable, and safe IT and communications systems.

Have a look at the website to get more of an insight into where the mining industry is going in the future.

Mining underground in Mponeng Mine, South Africa

Automation in Mining

Most mining companies are about to embark on the journey towards ‘automation’. Companies like Rio Tinto have made a good start, but they all have a long way to go. Automation is much better progressed in many other industries, especially where automation of fixed plant is where they have had to focus: manufacturing and other process industries, Oil and Gas and other chemical type industries, and rail / transport systems. Mostly these are industries in which the processes are constrained by the engineering. The challenge for mining is very different, very few mining operations are constrained by the engineering, indeed they are geographically unconstrained (at least within the boundaries of the ore body).

One way to look at automation is through the lens of the future objectives – what is the mining process to look like? Currently the major constraint is that the mining process is essentially a batch process; drill, then blast, then collect the ore, then load it into the transport system. Current automation efforts are really about pushing the continuous process as close to the mine face as possible. What we see people like AngloGold Ashanti doing is investigating what technologies are available to make the actual mining process underground continuous. They seek to get out of the drill and blast paradigm. This is the future of automation.

In the meantime, there are things that can be done to extend ‘automation’ into other parts of the mining process, but for every company, that will mean something different, so each needs to define their automation objectives and a high level view of how to get there. These matters need to be considered (in order) as follows.

Automation Objectives. Mining companies obviously need to understand what problems they are trying to solve – nobody else can really do this for them, although the AGA Technology Innovation Consortium (AGA-TIC) has taken an ‘open innovation’ approach. (www.aga-tic.com)

What is Future Vision. Every journey has a first step. Understanding the future state is informed by the objectives and needs to be developed without constraints in the first instance, that is don’t worry about where you are today. Big innovation will probably replace the current state anyway.

Technology. Future technology is perhaps the hardest thing to quantify – current trends only loosely inform where technology will be in even the medium term. The trick is to plan for the no-brainers and build agility into the technology plan. Any automation story will however be underpinned with better and more pervasive communications, smarter ways of collecting and analysing innovation, and robotic technologies that will drive new machines.

Culture. Culture will be the most difficult thing to change, and will take a long time. Companies can’t afford to lose the knowledge in the current workforce, and anyway new technologies are driven by the young, and they will take quite a while before they are impacting how you do your mining business.

What is Current State. Once the end state is defined, you need to know how ready your current environment is for the changes that will be necessary. Knowing where change is needed and where it can be ignored is all part of doing an Automation Readiness Evaluation. Besides, there will be some things that can be done early that will improve the business and help to finance longer term initiatives.

Technology Innovation Plan. How you go about innovating is the core of the implementation problem – will it be open (like AGA) or closed (like Rio Tinto). Both of these methods require investment, but open innovation will probably get a faster result.

Technology Vision. Prototyping automated technologies, Innovation in iterations...

Systems Integration. Making sure that the systems you design can act in awareness of each other is a key to machine automation. Machines will need to negotiate with each other in the mining environment because they will have freedom of movement. For instance, to truly automate a haulage fleet, each machine will need to know its own place in space and system, as well as every other machine. This means a common language, decision rules, etc.

Knowledge Management. Automation is really a way to embed intelligence that currently resides in people’s brains into the systems and machines of the future mine. There is a huge cultural change issue in this.

Further Observations

Many industries have been on this journey before – mining companies starting out should make themselves informed on the lessons they have learned – petroleum, aerospace, military in particular.

As a concept of operations, automation in any context will ultimately be made possible by how well you can collect, transport, and analyse data automatically.   We currently know a great amount about this, and recent advances in intelligent sensors, mobile communications and advanced analytics are making the issue more addressable – complicated to be sure, but the technologies are becoming ever more capable.